Current systems for plant-based biomaterial production are inefficient and place unsustainable demands on environmental resources. This work proposes a novel solution to these shortcomings based on selective cultivation of tunable plant tissues using scalable, land-free techniques unconstrained by seasonality, climate, or local resource availability. By limiting biomass cultivation to only desirable plant tissues, ex planta farming promises to improve yields while reducing plant waste and competition for arable land. Employing a Zinnia elegans model system, this work provides the first proof-of-concept demonstration of isolated, tissue-like plant material production in vitro by way of gel-mediated cell culture. Parameters governing cell development and morphology including hormone concentrations, medium pH, and initial cell density are optimized and implemented to demonstrate the tunability of cultured biomaterials at cellular and macroscopic scales. Targeted deposition of cell-doped, nutrient-rich gel scaffolds via casting and 3D bioprinting enable biomaterial growth in near-final form, reducing downstream processing requirements. These investigations demonstrate the implementation of plant cell culture in a new application space, propose novel methods for quantification and evaluation of cell development, and characterize morphological developments in response to critical culture parameters—illustrating the feasibility and potential of the proposed techniques.

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